Norman L. Johnson, Samuel Kotz (2011). [34] The second wave, headed by Mary Francis Bridgeman met with a cooler reception as Bridgeman refused to give up her authority over her Sisters to Nightingale while at the same time not trusting Nightingale, whom she regarded as ambitious.[35][36]. She was the first to use a theoretical founation to nursing. Florence transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. In the Crimea on 29 November 1855, the Nightingale Fund was established for the training of nurses during a public meeting to recognise Nightingale for her work in the war. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses that she trained, including her aunt Mai Smith,[21] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)[22] were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. [66], Indeed, Nightingale is described as "a true pioneer in the graphical representation of statistics", and is credited with developing a form of the pie chart now known as the polar area diagram,[66](p107) or occasionally the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a modern circular histogram, to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. Sailing up the Nile as far as Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in the highest style of intellectual beauty, intellect without effort, without suffering ... not a feature is correct — but the whole effect is more expressive of spiritual grandeur than anything I could have imagined. During that night alarming symptoms developed and she gradually sank until 2 o'clock Saturday afternoon, when the end came. Two years later, she provided a report to the commission, which completed its own study in 1863. Later in life, she kept up a prolonged correspondence with Irish nun Sister Mary Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea. She had access to people in high places and she used it to get things done. [73] Her Crimean War statistics had convinced her that non-medical approaches were more effective given the state of knowledge at the time. "�Y�x�83��t}�l� �.R�I���"7�A�f0��3��������?n$�0���%v�Æ\���ԙ�D����:yKg�a!N��_[�m8���������_��p�L��o�1L̓E����%|�� ��(�Xd�Ә��a�+ [b] She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insisting they had done more than women to help her attain her goals, writing: "I have never found one woman who has altered her life by one iota for me or my opinions. While she held that the ideal health professional should be inspired by a religious as well as professional motive, she said that in practice many religiously motivated health workers were concerned chiefly in securing their own salvation, and that this motivation was inferior to the professional desire to deliver the best possible care. Her mother, Frances Nightingale, hailed from a family of merchants and took pride in socializing with people of prominent social standing. The book served as the cornerstone of the curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools, though it was written specifically for the education of those nursing at home. This theory held that diseases could only be transmitted by touch. Unpublished Manuscript, Archives of the Sisters of Mercy, Dublin, p.18. Florence Nightingale, (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. [31] Nightingale told her brother-in-law, in a private letter, that she was worried about contact between her work and Seacole's business, claiming that while “she was very kind to the men and, what is more, to the Officers – and did some good (she) made many drunk”. [89] The President of India honours nursing professionals with the "National Florence Nightingale Award" every year on International Nurses Day. Nightingale was considered a pioneer in the concept of medical tourism as well, based on her 1856 letters describing spas in the Ottoman Empire. She belongs to that select band of historical characters who are instantly recognisable: the Lady with the Lamp, ministering to the wounded and dying. [133], A tinted lithograph by William Simpson illustrating evacuation of the sick and injured from Balaklava, Nightingale's moccasins that she wore in the Crimean War, A ward of the hospital at Scutari where Nightingale worked, from an 1856 lithograph by William Simpson, "Nightingale receiving the Wounded at Scutari", a portrait by Jerry Barrett, Florence Nightingale exhibit at Malvern Museum 2010, Nightingale's medals displayed in the National Army Museum, Memorial to Nightingale, Church of Santa Croce, Florence, Italy, Picture of Nightingale in The Illustrated London News from 24 February 1855, English social reformer, statistician, and founder of modern nursing, "The Lady with the Lamp" redirects here. [a] She criticised early women's rights activists for decrying an alleged lack of careers for women at the same time that lucrative medical positions, under the supervision of Nightingale and others, went perpetually unfilled. She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeld, to strengthen the proposed Public Health Bill to require owners of existing properties to pay for connection to mains drainage. [3] She gave nursing a favourable reputation and became an icon of Victorian culture, especially in the persona of "The Lady with the Lamp" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night.[4][5]. It also marks two centuries since the birth of Florence Nightingale, who arguably created the concept of … There are 10 key aspects of the theory. Bostridge, Mark (2008). Nery, (2015) states that Florence Nightingale’s environmental theory of nursing, “focus primarily on the environment, interpreted as all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism, that are able to prevent, suppress or contribute to disease and death.” In 1951, The Lady with a Lamp starred Anna Neagle. Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing and supported the ideas that are basic to nursing. Nightingale often carried the owl in her pocket, until the pet died (soon before Nightingale left for Crimea). After she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Royal Commission on the Health of the Army, she came to believe that most of the soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living conditions. James Southern, "A Lady 'in Proper Proportions'? The book has, inevitably, its place in the history of nursing, for it was written by the founder of modern nursing". The treatment there was significantly less expensive than in Switzerland. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform. Nightingale is the first nurse theorist well-known for developing the Environmental Theory that revolutionized nursing practices to create sanitary conditions for patients to get care. [6] Her parents were William Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore (1794–1874) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale née Smith (1788–1880). While her demeanour was often severe, she was said to be very charming and to possess a radiant smile. Nightingale, F. Notes on nursing: What it is and what it is not. Bridgeman, M. F. (1854–1856), An Account of the Mission of the Sisters of Mercy in the Military Hospitals of the East, Beginning December 1854 and Ending May 1856. Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, to British parents who named her after the city where they had traveled on an extended holiday before and after she was born. Cassandra was a princess of Troy who served as a priestess in the temple of Apollo during the Trojan War. Florence Nightingale’s Environment theory Shrooti Shah Lecturer National Medical College Nursing Campus, Birganj 2. [6], In 2002, Nightingale was ranked number 52 in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. [124], The first biography of Nightingale was published in England in 1855. ( link ) Described as … [47] In the following year she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. [76] An effort to correct this was made with a 2008 publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11[77] of a 16 volume project, the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. She recorded that "Clarkey" was a stimulating hostess who did not care for her appearance, and while her ideas did not always agree with those of her guests, "she was incapable of boring anyone." The first theatrical representation of Nightingale was Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with the Lamp, premiering in London in 1929 with Edith Evans in the title role. She prefer… [41] During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from her family. Her most persistent suitor was the politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, but after a nine-year courtship she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing. Before the experiments of the mid-1860s by Pasteur and Lister, hardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. She became Herbert's key adviser throughout his political career, though she was accused by some of having hastened Herbert's death from Bright's Disease in 1861 because of the pressure her programme of reform placed on him. Florence Nightingale is heralded as the founder of modern nursing because of her achievements, ... We found that although hand hygiene is a centuries-old concept… [91], The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,[92] established by nursing leaders throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a global grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly of 2008. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world of social service. The commission flushed out the sewers and improved ventilation. Florence was stubborn, opinionated and forthright but she had to be those things in order to achieve all that she did. The Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration. He and Nightingale became lifelong close friends. [32] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the greatest difficulty in repelling Mrs Seacole's advances, and in preventing association between her and my nurses (absolutely out of the question! For example, a dying young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell, and said to her "Pray God, that you may never be in the despair I am in at this time". [96], Four hospitals in Istanbul are named after Nightingale: Florence Nightingale Hospital in Şişli (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital in Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Florence Nightingale Hospital in Kadiköy, all belonging to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation. During the Crimean war, Nightingale gained the nickname "The Lady with the Lamp" from a phrase in a report in The Times: She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender form glides quietly along each corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the sight of her. [42], In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her to return to the United States with adequate training and knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools. —, There were rumors that she was tutored by an eminent mathematician who was a friend of the family. This year marks two decades since the landmark Institute of Medicine report “To Err is Human” launched the modern patient safety movement. [55] Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in Paris in 1837 and kept in touch with throughout her life. [94] The Agostino Gemelli Medical School[95] in Rome, the first university-based hospital in Italy and one of its most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution to the nursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a wireless computer system it developed to assist nursing. In 2006, the Japanese public ranked Nightingale number 17 in The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan. [41] Another museum devoted to her is at her sister's family home, Claydon House, now a property of the National Trust. [13], Nightingale underwent the first of several experiences that she believed were calls from God in February 1837 while at Embley Park, prompting a strong desire to devote her life to the service of others. Some of the work was damaged and the tenth panel was dismantled for the glass to be used in repair of the remaining panels. Clarke demonstrated that women could be equals to men, an idea that Florence had not obtained from her mother. Sylvester.". [80] Adrienne Rich wrote that "... Eleanor Taylor has brought together the waste of women in society and the waste of men in wars and twisted them inseparably. [87] It is the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve and is awarded to nurses or nursing aides for "exceptional courage and devotion to the wounded, sick or disabled or to civilian victims of a conflict or disaster" or "exemplary services or a creative and pioneering spirit in the areas of public health or nursing education". In 2009, a stage musical play representation of Nightingale entitled The Voyage of the Lass was produced by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Philippines. In 1911, Edward Tyas Cook was authorised by Nightingale's executors to write the official life, published in two volumes in 1913. For all good men would save others if they could.". [14], In Rome in 1847, she met Sidney Herbert, a politician who had been Secretary at War (1845–1846) who was on his honeymoon. "[52][53] She often referred to herself in the masculine, as for example "a man of action" and "a man of business". The concept of health is not directly included in the theory but its importance can be observed in the model as the aim of the whole nursing practice is to ensure the health of the patient. AIM: This assignment gives an abridged account of Florence Nightingale’s life, her education, aspirations and career.It also discusses the development of nursing theory in general, and Florence Nightingale’s influence in later nursing theorists’ work. For the rest of her life, she continued to campaign for improved sanitary conditions in both military and civilian hospitals. In 1912, a biographical silent film titled The Victoria Cross, starring Julia Swayne Gordon as Nightingale, was released, followed in 1915 by another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. Strachey regarded Nightingale as an intense, driven woman who was both personally intolerable and admirable in her achievements. Nightingale questioned the goodness of a God who would condemn souls to hell, and was a believer in universal reconciliation – the concept that even those who die without being saved will eventually make it to Heaven. In those days, women of Nightingale's class did not attend universities and did not pursue professional careers; their purpose in life was to marry and bear children. Obviously, she was a forceful leader. [126], Several churches in the Anglican Communion commemorate Nightingale with a feast day on their liturgical calendars. Her biblical annotations, private journal notes and translations of the mystics give quite a different impression of her beliefs, and these do have a bearing on her work with nurses, and not only at Edinburgh, but neither [Cecil(ia) Woodham-]Smith nor [her] followers consulted their sources.". Nightingale's rare references to Unitarianism are mildly negative, and while her religious views were heterodox, she remained in the Church of England throughout her life. [11], Although much of Nightingale's work improved the lot of women everywhere, Nightingale was of the opinion that women craved sympathy and were not as capable as men. [103][104], Upon the centenary of Nightingale's death in 2010, and to commemorate her connection with Malvern, the Malvern Museum held a Florence Nightingale exhibit[105] with a school poster competition to promote some events. [60][61] She left a large body of work, including several hundred notes that were previously unpublished. Florence nightingale (1820-1910), is considered as first nurse theorist. [11], Nightingale still believed that the death rates were due to poor nutrition, lack of supplies, stale air, and overworking of the soldiers. Despite the anger and distress of her mother and sister, she rejected the expected role for a woman of her status to become a wife and mother. [128], The US Navy ship the USS Florence Nightingale (AP-70) was commissioned in 1942. As a result of her observations, the Environment Theory of nursing was born. [107] and in several of its rooms, relics and reproductions related to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are on exhibition. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople. In the same 1861 letter she wrote, "It makes me mad, the Women's Rights talk about 'the want of a field' for them – when I would gladly give £500 a year for a Woman secretary. [111] It was adapted as a film of the same name in 1951. There are three statues of Nightingale in Derby – one outside the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary (DRI), one in St Peter's Street, and one above the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Unit opposite the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary. Lo! Her parents took their daughters to both Church of England and Methodist churches. In 1904, she was appointed a Lady of Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ). It makes the impression upon one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm or emotion, which is said to overcome the strongest man."[17]. [66](p107), The Royal Sanitary Commission of 1868–1869 presented Nightingale with an opportunity to press for compulsory sanitation in private houses. p. 8. Mary Clare Moore headed the first wave and placed herself and her Sisters under the authority of Nightingale. [93], During the Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many US Army nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in her life and work. [98], During the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of temporary NHS Nightingale Hospitals were set up in readiness for an expected rise in the number of patients needing critical care. [127], Washington National Cathedral celebrates Nightingale's accomplishments with a double-lancet stained glass window featuring six scenes from her life, designed by artist Joseph G. Reynolds and installed in 1983. Chaney, Edward (2006). Clarkey made an exception, however, in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. La Britannique Florence Nightingale naquit le 12 mai 1820 et mourut le 13 août 1910. Although not formally a Universalist by church membership, she had come of a Universalist family, was sympathetic to the tenets of the denomination, and has always been claimed by it. Her theory of nursing focused on the environment and she gave a detailed portrayal of each feature of environment in her theory. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire. [d] Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the visual presentation of information and statistical graphics. This experience influenced her later career, when she advocated sanitary living conditions as of great importance. It did not portray her as an entirely sympathetic character and draws much characterisation from Lytton Strachey's biography of her in Eminent Victorians. There was an outpouring of generous donations. Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and perspective, Koernig & Hayes, sixth edition, 2011, p. 100. The environmental theory developed by Florence Nightingale 1 in the second half of the nineteenth century in England, has focused primarily on the environment, interpreted as all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism, that are able to prevent, suppress or contribute to disease and death 1. They are: Patients should have clean air and a temperature-controlled environment ", Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. Nightingale focused on altering the environment, person, health, and nursing to promote optimal healing of the patient. A black-and-white photograph taken in about 1907 by Lizzie Caswall Smith at Nightingale's London home in South Street, Mayfair, was auctioned on 19 November 2008 by Dreweatts auction house in Newbury, Berkshire, England, for £5,500. Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. [78] The best known of these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Ray Strachey in 1928. Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by the primary sources. Nightingale’s concepts of theory are brief, simple and easy to understand. On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took the post of superintendent at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854. "[41], Though Nightingale is sometimes said to have denied the theory of infection for her entire life, a 2008 biography disagrees,[40] saying that she was simply opposed to a precursor of germ theory known as contagionism. Nelson, Sioban, and Anne Marie Rafferty, eds. Historians now believe that both drainage and devolved enforcement played a crucial role in increasing average national life expectancy by 20 years between 1871 and the mid-1930s during which time medical science made no impact on the most fatal epidemic diseases.[29][30][74]. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: Florence Nightingale - Influence on Nursing Theory 1.AIM: This assignment gives an abridged account of Florence Nightingale’s life, her education, aspirations and career.
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